Definição
O produto escalar é a multiplicação entre dois vetores que tem como resultado uma grandeza escalar. Ele associa a dois vetores um número real.
Tomemos os vetores \(\vec u\) e \(\vec w\) como exemplo. O produto escalar entre os dois vetores pode ser interpretado como o produto da projeção de \(\vec u\) em \(\vec w\) e o módulo de \(\vec w\). Logo, o produto escalar entre \(\vec u\) e \(\vec w\) é definido da seguinte maneira: $$\vec u . \vec w=\left | \vec u \right |\left | \vec w \right |\cos \theta \;\;\; (1)$$
Onde \(\theta\) é o ângulo entre os dois vetores. As projeções podem ser encontradas da seguinte maneira:
Nesse caso, a componente de \(\vec u\) em \(\vec w\) é \(\left | \vec u \right |\)\(\cos \theta\). Já a componente de \(\vec w\) em \(\vec u\) é \(\left | \vec w \right |\) \(\cos \theta\).
Podemos também separar as componentes e reescrever a equação acima da seguinte forma: $$\vec u . \vec w= (u\cos\theta)(w) = (u)(w\cos\theta)$$
Suponhamos um vetor que forma um ângulo \(\theta=60º\) em relação a outro vetor. O \(\vec w\) possui módulo 3 e o vetor \(\vec u\) possui módulo 4. Qual o valor do produto escalar entre os dois vetores?
R: Veremos que a projeção \(P\) do vetor \(\vec u\) em \(\vec w\) é, simplesmente:
$$P= \left | \vec u \right | \cos \theta$$
Logo, o produto escalar se reduz a:
$$\vec u . \vec w = \left | \vec w \right | P= 3.4.(\frac{1}{2})=6$$
Uma visualização da solução na animação abaixo.
Nesse caso o vetor resultante será positivo pois, o ângulo formado entre \(\vec u\) e \(\vec w\) é agudo, ou seja, menor que 90º. Se o ângulo formado pelos dois vetores envolvidos for maior que 90º, o vetor resultante será negativo.
No intervalo entre 0º e 90º o cosseno possui valor maior que zero. E no intervalo entre 90º e 180º o cosseno possui valor menor que zero. Graças a isso, ao realizar o produto escalar, o resultado será positivo se o ângulo for agudo, e será negativo se o ângulo for obtuso.
No caso de vetores perpendiculares, a projeção de um em outro possui valor nulo, pois cosseno de 90° é igual a 0. Entenda melhor através da imagem e do exemplo abaixo:
Por exemplo, tomando o módulo de \(\left | \vec u \right |=4\) e o módulo de \(\left | \vec w \right |=3\), temos: $$\vec u.\vec w=\left | \vec u \right |\left | \vec w \right |\cos 90°$$
Sabendo-se que \(\cos90º=0\):
$$\vec u.\vec w= 4.3.0$$
Logo, $$\vec u.\vec w=0$$
Podemos observar que a propriedade comutativa é, obviamente, válida em todos esses casos. Ou seja, basta trocar a ordem dos produtos dos módulos dos vetores \(\left | \vec u \right |\) e \(\left | \vec v \right |\). Veja: \(\vec u . \vec w=\vec w . \vec u\). E também podemos aplicar a propriedade distributiva: \(\vec a . (\vec u + \vec w)=\vec a . \vec u + \vec a . \vec w\).
Coordenadas Cartesianas
O produto escalar se torna muito fácil de calcular quando os vetores são dados em sistemas de coordenadas cartesianas ortogonais. Por exemplo:
Na figura temos que \(\vec u = (x_2, y_2)\) e \(\vec w = (x_1, y_1)\). O produto escalar entre os dois vetores nesse caso pode ser escrito como $$\vec u. \vec w=x_1 x_2+y_1 y_2$$.
Vejamos este outro exemplo onde \(\vec u=(x_{1},0)\) e \(\vec v=(0,y_{1})\). Logo, \(\vec u . \vec v=0\), para qualquer valor de \(x_{1}\) e \(y_{1}\). Isso decorre do fato de que \(\vec u\) e \(\vec v\), nesse caso, são ortogonais.
Podemos demonstrar que \(\vec u.\vec v=\left | \vec u \right |\left | \vec w \right |\cos\theta=u_x w_x+u_y w_y\), observe:
Tomemos dois vetores, \(\vec u\) e \(\vec w\), em um plano cartesiano, formando um ângulo \(\theta\) entre eles. O vetor \(\vec w\) forma um ângulo \(\alpha_1\) com o eixo horizontal, e é formado por duas componentes no sistema de coordenadas cartesianas,\(w_x\) e \(w_y\) como mostrado abaixo:
Da imagem vemos que as componentes do vetor são dadas por:
$$w_x=\left|\vec w \right| \cos\alpha_1 \;\;\; (1.1)$$
$$w_y=\left|\vec w \right| \sin\alpha_1 \;\;\; (1.2)$$
Já o vetor \(\vec u\) forma um ângulo \(\alpha_2\) com o eixo horizontal, e também possui duas componentes no sistema de coordenadas cartesianas:
Da imagem vemos que as componentes do vetor são dadas por:
$$u_x=\left|\vec u \right| \cos\alpha_2 \;\;\; (2.1)$$
$$u_y=\left|\vec u \right| \sin\alpha_2 \;\;\; (2.2)$$
Podemos estabelecer uma relação entre todos os ângulos seguindo a imagem abaixo:
Então,
$$\alpha_1 = \alpha_2 + \theta$$
Daí,
$$\theta = \alpha_1 - \alpha_2$$
Aplicando o cosseno a ambos os lados da equação acima, temos:
$$\cos \theta =\cos \left ( \alpha_1 - \alpha_2 \right )$$
Utilizando uma propriedade trigonométrica, chegamos a:
$$\cos \theta =\cos \alpha_1 \; \cos \alpha_2 + \sin \alpha_1 \; \sin \alpha_2 \;\;\; (3)$$
Substituindo as equações (1.1), (1.2), (2.1) e (2.2) em (5), chegamos a:
$$\cos \theta = \frac{w_x \; u_x}{\left|\vec w \right|\left|\vec u \right|}+\frac{w_y \; u_y}{\left|\vec w \right|\left|\vec u \right|} = \frac{w_x \; u_x + w_y \; u_y}{\left|\vec w \right|\left|\vec u \right|}$$
O que por fim nos leva a:
$${\left|\vec w \right|\left|\vec u \right|}\cos \theta =w_x \; u_x + w_y \; u_y= \vec w . \vec u$$
Bibliografia e Pesquisas
- “Fundamentos da Física; Mecânica; 1” – Halliday & Resnick
- “Cálculo Vetorial e Geometria Analítica – Luiz Francisco da Cruz – Departamento de Matemática – Unesp/Bauru”
I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article.I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article.
Melhor explicação
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