Sendo um aluno de física, tenho contato com a matemática todos os dias, e dizer que não se torna cansativo seria mentira. Então vamos sair um pouco desse mundo das integrais, derivadas e limites e vamos mergulhar em uma área que, no início, pode parecer complexa, mas com uma boa compreensão acaba se tornando divertida de estudar.
Usando uma matemática que inicialmente pode não fazer sentido, iremos aprender a fazer um dos quebra-cabeças mais populares de todos os tempos: O Sudoku.
Sudoku é um dos quebra-cabeças mais populares de todos os tempos. O objetivo do Sudoku é preencher uma grade de 9×9 com números, de forma que cada linha, coluna e seção de 3×3 contenham todos os números de 1 a 9. Se trata de um jogo lógico, então é também um ótimo exercício para o cérebro. lei sobre a sua Leia sobre sua Historia
Antes de tudo, temos que nos habituar a algumas ferramentas para podermos montar nosso sudoku. Então Seja…
Bem-vindo ao mundo Abstrato da álgebra.
Essa sub-área da matemática basicamente tenta generalizar muitas das coisas da aritmética, álgebra, geometria e muito mais. O conceito fundamental desse universo são os grupos, que vamos utilizar em nosso sudoku.
Teoria dos Grupos
Definição: Um grupo G é um conjunto de elementos que podem ser combinados por uma operação que designaremos genericamente pelo símbolo * e que satisfazem às seguintes propriedades:
1. Fechamento: se a e b são dois elementos quaisquer de G, então seu produto a * b também é um elemento de G;
2. Associatividade: se a, b e c pertencem a G, então
(a ∗ b) ∗ c = a ∗ (b ∗ c) = a ∗ b ∗ c
3. Elemento neutro: existe um elemento e (elemento de identidade ou neutro) tal que, para todo a ∈ G
e ∗ a = a ∗ I = a
4. Elemento inverso: todo a ∈ G tem um elemento inverso a−1 ∈ G tal que
a ∗ a−1 = a−1 ∗ a = e
5. Caso os elementos a e b do grupo satisfaçam, ainda, a propriedade de comutatividade,
a ∗ b = b ∗ a
o grupo é dito comutativo ou Abeliano.
Para um maior entendimento dessa teoria, por favor, assista esse vídeo.
Subgrupo
Definição: Seja (G,*) um grupo. Dizemos que um subconjunto não vazio H de G é um subgrupo de G se:
- Para todo a, b ∈ H, a ∗ b ∈ H (isto é, H é fechado para a lei de composição interna de G).
- (H, *) é também um grupo. (Aqui a lei de composição é a mesma de G, só que restrita a H).
Classes Laterais
Definição: Seja K um subgrupo de um grupo \(\left ( G,\ast \right )\). Tomando a ∈ G, indica-se por \(a \ast K\)(respectivamente por \(K \ast a\)) e denomina-se de classe lateral à esquerda (respectivamente à direita), de K em G definida por a, o subconjunto de G a seguir:
\(a \ast k =\left \{ a \ast k \right \}\) tal que k ∈ K
(respectivamente, K · a = {k · a | k ∈ K}). Logicamente, se G é um grupo abeliano, temos que: a ∗ K = K ∗ a, ∀a ∈ G.
Definição: Uma relação R sobre o conjunto A não vazio é chamada de relação de equivalência sobre A se, e somente se, ela satisfazer as condições de ser reflexiva, simétrica ou transitiva. Então, deve cumprir as seguintes propriedades:
- Se a ∈ A, então aRa;
- (ii) Se a, b ∈ A, então bRa
- Se a, b, c ∈ A, e aRb e bRa, então aRc.
Agora seja G um grupo e H um subgrupo de G. Dados x , y e G dizemos que x se relaciona com y, através de h se existe h e h tal que y=h∗x
Notação
x ~ y (x se relaciona com y) ~ é uma relação de equivalência.
As classes de equivalência definidas por essa relação são chamadas classes laterais à esquerda de h
Construindo
Nosso sudoku é um grupo gerado pelo resto da divisão por \(9= \mathbb{Z}_{9}\)
\(\mathbb{Z}_{9}=\left \{ \bar{9} , \bar{1} , \bar{2} , \bar{3} , \bar{4} , \bar{5} , \bar{6} , \bar{7} , \bar{8} \right \}\)
Você agora pode estar se perguntando onde está o \(bar{0}\) bom, nesse caso, iremos dizer que nosso \(\bar{9}=\bar{0}\)
A partir do nosso \(\left ( \mathbb{Z}_{9}, + \right )\) iremos dividi-los em 3 sub grupos (classes) de ordem 3.
\(\left \{ \bar{9} ,\bar{3} , \bar{6}\right \}\) \( \left \{ \bar{1} , \bar{4} , \bar{7}\right \}\) e \( \left \{ \bar{2} , \bar{5} , \bar{8} \right \}\)
Agora alinhamos o \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\) na vertical, do lado esquerdo e fora da nossa tabela 9×9.
Feito isso, vamos posicionar os 3 sub grupos que retiramos de \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\) na parte superior da tabela e na horizontal. Veja o resultado na figura 2.
Depois de posicionar tudo, aplicamos as a operação de soma entre os elemento de \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\) e os elementos dos 3 sub grupos.
Obs: Não se esqueça de que nosso \(\bar{9}\) é nulo. Veja como fazer essa operação na figura 3.
Em muitos casos o elemento de \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\) operado com o elemento de um dos 3 subgrupos passará de 8. Quando isso acontecer, devemos dividir esse número por 9, e o resto desta divisão preencherá o local. Veja o exemplo na figura 4 abaixo:
Seguindo as regras acima, você vai obter a seguinte sudoku (figura 5):
Pronto, temos um sudoku, onde não se repetem os elementos das colunas nem os das linhas, e também os da grade.
Alguns padrões.
- Os três subgrupos permutarão entre eles.
- Os elementos do grupo permutarão entre si, mas não entre os subgrupos.
- Os Subgrupos formarão diagonais entre as Grades.
- O primeiro elemento da grade 1 torna-se o último elemento na grade 2. Logo, o segundo elemento da grade 1 torna-se o primeiro e assim por diante, até a grade 9, onde o último elemento da grade 1 seja o primeiro elemento. Veja isso na figura 6.
Exemplos
No exemplo 1 peguei cada um dos subgrupos e permutei seus elementos entre si, mas não entre os subgrupos, e apliquei a operação sem alterar o meu \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\). Já no exemplo 2 apenas permutei os subgrupos entre eles, sem permutar os seus elementos, e apliquei a operação também deixando o meu \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\) fixo.
Deixo com vocês os seguintes desafios (permutação dos elementos do subgrupo entre si, junto com a permutação dos subgrupos, deixando fixo \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\)) e também (permutação geral dos sub grupos e de seus elementos, deixando fixo \(\mathbb{Z}_{9}\)). Já posso afirmar que um desses dois exemplos não dará certo, mas isso deixarei para o próximo post, pois quero ver o que vocês dirão. Deixem nos comentários as soluções desse dois desafios e também os padrões que observarão.
Bibliografia e pesquisas
1. Notas de aula do Curso de álgebra abstrata 1 UFMT 2015/1. DR. Pof Aldir nestor.
2. http://www.sudoku.name/
3. http://www.abril.com.br/noticia/diversao/no_168200.shtml
4. http://www.jogosdesudoku.com.br/historia
5. http://www.brasilescola.com/curiosidades/sudoku.htm
Espero que gostem do conteúdo. Deixem seus comentários com criticas, sugestões e etc. Também espero que façam os dois desafios, para que possa utilizar no segundo post :D.
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